Filtered water coolers

Pernod Ricard Pacific, formerly the Orlando Wyndham Group, is a large Australian wine, spirits, and beverage company. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the world’s second largest wine and spirits producer Pernod Ricard, and distributes many of their key brands within Australia.

In 1989 Pernod Ricard purchased Orlando Wines, and then a year later, in 1990, the Hunter Valley winery Wyndham Estate. The same year the Orlando Wyndham Group was formed by the drawing together of the two companies. In 2005 Pernod Ricard took over Allied Domecq and the New Zealand business unit Allied Domecq NZ was integrated into the company which was subsequently renamed to Pernod Ricard Pacific.

Wineries

Currently Pernod Ricard Pacific owns various wineries including:

• Orlando Wines, Barossa Valley, South Australia
• Wyndham Estate, Hunter Valley, New South Wales
• Richmond Grove, Barossa Valley, South Australia
• Poet’s Corner, Mudgee, New South Wales
• Wickham Hill, Griffith, New South Wales
• Morris Wines, Rutherglen, Victoria
• Russet Ridge, Naracoorte, South Australia
• Framingham Wine Company, Renwick, New Zealand

Brands

Pernod Ricard Pacific produces and/or distributes products under many brands, including:

Wine

Ready to Drink

• West Coast Cooler
• Wild Turkey and Cola
• Two Dogs
• Maison

Spirits

External links

• Pernod Ricard Pacific website
• Pernod Ricard website

Pierre Brejoux was Inspector General of the Appellation d’Origine Controlee Board, which controls the production of top French wines. he served as an expert wine taster in the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976. In the blind tasting, California wines won both the red and white wine categories. After the tasting, there were many calls for him to resign his position as Inspector General because so many people and groups were highly displeased with the results. He is also the author of several books on French wine.

See also

• List of wine personalities

Source

• Taber, George M. Judgment of Paris: California vs France and the Historic 1976 Paris Tasting that Revolutionized Wine. NY: Scribner, 2005.

Orbitz was the product name of a noncarbonated fruit-flavored beverage, made by the company Clearly Canadian Beverage Corporation (makers of Clearly Canadian), that had small edible balls floating in it. It was introduced around 1996 and quickly disappeared due to bad sales.

The small balls floated due to their nearly equal density to the surrounding liquid, and remained suspended with assistance from an ingredient known as gellan gum. The gellan gum provided a support matrix–something like a microscopic spider web–and had a visual clarity approaching that of water, which increased with the addition of sugar.[1]

Orbitz came in five flavors:

• Raspberry Citrus (introductory flavor)
• Blueberry Melon Strawberry (introductory flavor)
• Pineapple Banana Cherry Coconut (introductory flavor)
• Vanilla Orange (introductory flavor)
• Black Currant Berry (introduced later)

The website for Orbitz existed for a while, but was taken over by the Internet travel agency of the same name (see Orbitz).

Orbitz was disliked during its short stay on the market; the beverage proved to be significantly less popular than the company anticipated. There were few above average reviews of the liquid itself.

Unopened bottles of the beverage have become somewhat of a collector’s item in recent years.

See also

• Bubble tea

Frozen food is food preserved by the process of freezing. Freezing food is a common method of food preservation which slows both food decay and, by turning water to ice, makes it unavailable for bacterial growth and slows down most chemical reactions.

Process

Freezing only slows the deterioration of food and while it may stop the growth of micro-organisms, it does not necessarily kill them. Many enzyme reactions are only slowed by freezing. Therefore it is common to stop enzyme activity before freezing, either by blanching or by adding chemicals.

Foods may be preserved for several months by freezing. Long-term freezing requires a constant temperature of -18 °C (0 degrees Fahrenheit) or less. Some freezers cannot achieve such a low temperature. The time food can be kept in the freezer is reduced considerably if the temperature in a freezer fluctuates. Fluctuations could occur by a small gap in the freezer door or adding a large amount of unfrozen food.

Texture of frozen food

Freezing adversely affects the texture of many foods, and the texture of nearly all foods is damaged by thawing and re-freezing. Since water expands when it freezes, cell walls in food are often ruptured, resulting in food that is limp or pulpy when thawed. This is especially true of fruits and vegetables that have a high water content. Less damage is done to vegetables that are high in starch. Less damage is also done if the food is frozen quickly, so unfrozen food should be placed in the coldest areas, which are near the bottom of the freezer. Some additives, such as sugar or sorbitol, can hinder water’s crystallization and preserve the food’s cellular structure. Defects in the texture of thawed food can sometimes be obscured by cooking.

Some food is frozen specially to get a frozen texture. Ice cream is an example of a food which is intended for consumption while frozen.

Quick-freezing

American inventor Clarence Birdseye (1886-1956), who developed the quick-freezing process of food preservation in the early 20th century, is considered the father of the frozen-food industry.

The food industry uses a technique called flash freezing, an application of supercooling, to quickly freeze food items. In this case, water contained inside the food is subjected to temperatures well below its melting/freezing point (273 K or 0°C). This causes the water inside the foods to freeze very quickly.

Traditional and other use

Many Arctic communities would preserve food in holes or larders dug into the ice. There is a tradition in Scandinavia of preserving fish and especially herrings in this way.

Cold stores provide large-volume, long-term storage for strategic food stocks held in case of national emergency in many countries.

Seeds are stored in freezers at −18 °C or below in seedbanks. The seeds are stored as a source for planting in case seed reserves elsewhere should be destroyed. The seeds stored may be those of food crops or rare species.

See also

• Shelf life
• Recommended times for refrigerator and freezer food storage

The wig-wag is the common name for the unusual solenoid mechanism used in belt-drive washing machines made by Whirlpool, Kenmore (owned by Whirlpool) and many others, from approximately 1960 to 1990.

How a wig-wag works

The wig-wag is mounted atop the washing machine’s transmission, where it oscillates back and forth like a railroad signaling wig-wag (hence the name). When either solenoid is engaged, a rod catches and engages the transmission in the desired mode.

One of the wig-wag’s solenoids is turned on to engage agitation during wash mode; the other solenoid is turned on to engage the spin-dry mode. The motor must be turned on before the solenoids are powered. Only one solenoid may be operated at a time. When neither solenoid is engaged, the transmission is in neutral and only the pump is operating to drain water out of the tub.

During a normal cycle, most Whirlpool-built wig-wag equipped washers will fill, start the motor, then engage the wash solenoid. Upon completion of the wash mode, the wash solenoid will be turned off, which will allow the pump to drain the tub. After a minute or two, the timer will then engage the spin wig-wag which will cause the rotation of the tub. This is in contrast to most other top-load washing machines which start spinning and draining simultaneously.

Problems with the wig-wag mechanism

There are two common failures with the wig-wag mechanism. The first is that a solenoid tends to jam, often due to corrosion from operating in a damp environment. The second common failure is peculiar to the wig-wag - since the wires which operate the solenoids are constantly being flexed by the motion of the wig-wag, they tend to break causing the wash or spin cycle not to engage. Either problem is easily repaired with simple hand tools and inexpensive parts.

External links

• Photo of washing machine wig wag

Alsace is an Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC) for wines made in the Alsace wine region of France.

Unlike most other French wine regions, there is only one AOC appellation for most wines made in the whole of Alsace. Other French wine regions have numerous appellations within them, often designating wine from a particular town or, even, an area within a certain town. The Alsace Grand Cru AOC was not created until 1975.

External links

• The Official Alsace wines home page
• Wines, villages and terroirs of Alsace

See Also

• Alsace wine
• Alsace Grand Cru AOC
• Crémant d’Alsace AOC

Independent radio indicates a radio station that is run in a manner different from usual for the country it broadcasts in. In countries where there exist government-run stations that served as the primary or only the variety of licensed broadcaster, the term independent radio generally means commercial radio stations which are not operated by the government, and thus independent of the government. Conversely, in places such as the United States, where commercial broadcasters are the norm, independent radio is sometimes used to refer to non-commercial stations that are primarily supported by listener contributions and are thus independent of commercial concerns. With the advent of large commercial radio companies, and the general adoption of the term public radio in the United States to refer to non-religious-oriented listener-supported stations, the term has also been used to refer to commercial stations that are run independently of the large radio conglomerates.

See also

• Independent Local Radio

A sexually oriented business is a business that provides adult entertainment by appealing to the sexual interests of its customers.

Some operate as stores that sell books or videos, while others operate as night clubs that provide live entertainment.

In the latter case, the club will probably sell food and (if legal) alcoholic beverages.

Such businesses are sometimes considered exploitative because they tend to take advantage of their hired entertainment by using their sex appeal to increase the state of sexual arousal of its customers who, in turn, tend to spend more money as a result.

An increasing number of such businesses are becoming owned by the entertainers themselves as they seek to remove the exploitative stigma associated with them.

The Superman Emergency Squad is a team of miniaturized Kryptonians from the Bottle City of Kandor, who watch over Superman and occasionally leave their bottled city to assist him.

In Post-Crisis, it was renamed the Kandorian Emergency Squad. Instead it was a policing unit patrolling Kandor. They are led by Cerizah, sister of Superman’s ally Ceritak. In Superman: The Man of Steel #100, the Emergency Squad left the Bottle City of Kandor to help Superman defeat Hank Henshaw. Since 100 years have passed in Kandor since then and it is now a very different civilization, the Emergency squad is presumably no more.

External links

• [1] Supermanica entry on the pre-Crisis Superman Emergency Squad
• [2] another good entry from supermanthrutheages.com

This article is focused mainly on usage of English relative clauses. For theoretical background on the subject, see the main article on relative clauses.

The relative pronouns in English include who, whom, whose, which, and that. (Note: Not all modern syntacticians agree that that is a relative pronoun.) What is a compound relative, including both the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent to that which; for example, “I did what he desired” means the same as, “I did that which he desired.”

In some contexts, there may be a choice between two or more of these forms. The choice of relative pronoun may carry additional meaning or draw a number of distinctions.

Variables in the basic relative clause

Human or non-human

In their choice of relative pronoun, English-speakers will often distinguish between an antecedent that is a human — who(m) — and an antecedent which is a non-human — which. In this regard, English is unique among the Germanic languages; this distinction may be due to French influence, and is clearly related to the distinction between the interrogative words who(m) and which and that between the (s)he pronouns and it(s). Note that whose, while sometimes reserved for human antecedents, is commonly found also with nonhuman ones; and that that, while reserved for nonhuman antecedents by some writers, is also often found with human ones.

Restrictive or non-restrictive

Restrictiveness is more clearly marked in English than in most languages: prosody (in speaking) and punctuation (in writing) serve this purpose. An English non-restrictive relative clause is preceded by a pause in speech or a comma in writing, whereas a restrictive clause normally is not. Compare the following sentences, which have two quite different meanings, and correspondingly two clearly distinguished intonation patterns, depending on whether the commas are inserted:

(1) The builder, who erects very fine houses, will make a large profit.

(2) The builder who erects very fine houses will make a large profit.

The first example, with commas, and with three short intonation curves, contains a non-restrictive relative clause. It refers to a specific builder, and assumes we know which builder is intended. It tells us firstly about his houses, then about his profits. The second example uses a restrictive relative clause. Without the commas, and with a single intonation curve, the sentence states that any builder who builds such houses will make profits.

For non-human antecedents, a distinction is also sometimes drawn between that (restrictive) and which (non-restrictive); see “That and which” below.

Restrictive relative clauses are also called defining relative clauses, or identifying relative clauses. Similarly, non-restrictive relative clauses are called non-defining or non-identifying relative clauses. For more information see restrictive clause and the relevant subsection of relative clause.

Grammatical case

In the Germanic languages, the case of a relative pronoun is generally marked in its form. In English, this survives only in who, which has a possessive case form whose and an objective case form whom. But the form whom is in decline and is now often restricted to formal use.

Since which and that have no possessive forms, whose is now also used for the possessive form of these, or periphrasis is sometimes employed:

There is an old house in our street, whose roof Jack fixed.

There is an old house in our street, the roof of which Jack fixed.

The zero relative pronoun

English, unlike most other Germanic languages, has a zero relative pronoun. It is an alternative to that in a restrictive relative clause, except that it cannot be the subject of the clause’s main verb.

Jack built the house that I was born in.

Jack built the house Ø I was born in.

Relative clauses headed by zeros are frequently called contact clauses in TEFL contexts.

Use with preposition

Traditionally, following the pattern of Germanic, a preposition in a relative clause appears together with the relative pronoun. In this case the pronoun must be either whom or which; never that, and since this is now formal usage, it would be unusual to use who.

Jack is the boy with whom Jenny fell in love.

Jack built the house in which I grew up.

An innovation of English among the Germanic languages, however, is the option of leaving the preposition where it would be if the clause were an independent clause. Though John Dryden raised in 1672 the possibility that this preposition-stranding should not be considered correct (from a prescriptive standpoint), it was already in widespread use by that time, and is now the preferred usage of most English speakers, especially in colloquial situations. Therefore, although a traditional grammarian might insist upon the sentence, “Jack is the boy with whom Jenny fell in love”, any of the following might be heard instead:

Jack is the boy whom Jenny fell in love with.

Jack is the boy who Jenny fell in love with.

Jack is the boy that Jenny fell in love with.

Jack is the boy Jenny fell in love with.

That and which

The distinction between the relative pronouns that and which, which are both used to introduce relative clauses with non-human antecedents, is a frequent point of dispute.

Of the two, only which is at all common in non-restrictive clauses.Pullum, Geoffrey K. Language Log: An ivory-billed relative clause, Language Log. 1 December 2005. Problems arise in restrictive clauses, where traditionally either that or which could be used. This is still the case in normal speech and in British English, but in formal American English it is generally recommended to use only that for restrictive clauses.New Hart’s Rules (Oxford University Press: 2005), p.68.

This latter rule was recommended in 1926 by H.W. Fowler, who observed that “Some there are who follow this principle now; but it would be idle to pretend that it is the practice either of most or of the best writers.”Zwicky, Arnold, Don’t do this at home, kiddies!, Language Log. 3 May 2005 (retrieved 2006-07-25).

Summary

The most common distribution of the forms is therefore as follows (though variations may be heard).

Special types and variants

Nominal relative clauses

English allows what is called a fused or nominal relative clause — a relative clause that does not modify an external noun phrase, and instead has a nominal function fused into it. For example:

What he did is clearly impossible, but I saw him do it.

Here, what he did has the sense of that which he did, i.e. the thing that he did, and functions as the subject of the verb is. Nominal relative clauses are inherently restrictive.

English has a number of fused relative pronouns, such as what, whatever, and whoever, but all can introduce other kinds of clauses as well; what can also introduce interrogative content clauses (”I don’t know what he did”), for example, and both whatever and whoever can introduce adverbials (”Whatever he did, he doesn’t deserve this”).

Adverbial relative clauses

Much as a relative clause can modify a noun phrase, it can modify an entire clause. This makes sense when examined from a sentence-combination standpoint:

He designed a beautiful house. I plan to build it. → He designed a beautiful house, which I plan to build. (modifying a noun phrase)

He designed a beautiful house. I think that’s very impressive. → He designed a beautiful house, which I think is very impressive. (modifying an entire clause). However, note the ambiguity of the second example.

Such a relative clause is called an adverbial relative clause. Only non-restrictive relative clauses can be used adverbially.

Gapless relative clauses

A relatively common phenomenon in speech, though generally seen as ungrammatical or bad style, is a sentence like the following:

• Portman, who I wonder if she’ll ever better her role in Leon, is good here also, […]^[1]
• The second message comes from a person who I don’t know if the military is the right thing for them because they […]^[2]

Here the speaker appears to change in mid-track: having begun to utter a relative clause he realises that the pronoun can be neither its subject nor object, and attempts a repair “on the hoof”. These sentences could be turned into standard relative clauses by omitting the intruding verbs of speech (Portman, who will never better […]; a person for whom the military is not […]), or the need for the relative could be eliminated by beginning with this verb (I wonder if Portman will […]; I don’t know if the military is […]). In writing, most people would choose one of these alternatives, but in speech the hybrid is not unusual. Leech et al. (1985) refer to these phenomena as “pushdown elements”.

See also

• English grammar

References